Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable for global decarbonization, yet their production and use have multifaceted environmental, social, and supply chain impacts.

This study presents a holistic sustainability assessment of LIBs, integrating prefeasibility life cycle assessment and distributional energy justice principles.

The research highlights significant disparities in environmental and social outcomes by examining five case studies, each reflecting different cathode chemistries and transport applications. While essential, carbon emissions represent only a fraction of the sustainability profile.

Lithium iron phosphate cells cause the least environmental and social harm, whereas nickel- and cobalt-rich chemistries elevate toxicity and criticality concerns. The analysis underscores the necessity for collaboration between economic regions, enhanced recycling systems, and broader adoption of energy justice frameworks.

This work advocates for comprehensive, inclusive decision-making approaches to foster equitable, sustainable battery technologies in the transition to net-zero energy systems.

Ultimately, the study advocates for a holistic framework integrating environmental, social, and supply chain factors to assess LIB sustainability. This comprehensive perspective is essential to building a fair and sustainable energy system as the global transition from fossil fuels continues.

For more details, read the paper in full at Toward Energy Justice Principles for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Battery Technologies – Stephens – 2025 – Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research – Wiley Online Library

To view other ReLiB publications, visit Publications Archive – Recycle Battery, Electrolyte Recovery, Alternative Binders