Long-loop recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is neither sustainable nor economical at scale. In the absence of design-to-recycle initiatives taken up by cell manufacturers, even for batteries produced today, all-in-one shredding processes are the only practical option to achieve circularity of critical materials. Shredding lithium-ion batteries ultimately produces ‘black mass’ – a low-value commodity comprising...

Electric vehicles are increasingly being adopted in Great Britain and other parts of the world, driven by the perception that they offer a cost-effective alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles while reducing emissions. However, a key element that underpins this perception is the longevity of electric vehicles, which remains relatively under researched. Here we show...

With various battery directives necessitating the composition of recycled electrode materials this study manufactures anodes containing various ratios of pristine and reclaimed graphite from end-of-life (EOL) cells. Two approaches that can be used to delaminate graphite are using ultrasonication (USD) and simple water delamination (WD). X-ray micro-computed tomography is used to characterize the graphite particles...

Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is imperative for securing the future demand for raw materials required for the electrification of economies worldwide. The technical challenges of recycling at a large scale involve minimizing the value loss of materials, addressing the complexity of standardization, and reducing environmental impacts. This research aims to support the development of more...

Many of the issues associated with recycling devices containing small but significant amounts of technology critical metals, arise from the choice of materials and, most importantly, the joining methods for different materials. In many cases, recycling could be simplified and made more efficient by employing design for recycle principles which consider the requirements for separation....

This study compares the anodic dissolution of two iron-based alloys, mild steel and an FeNdB super magnet, with that of a mineral, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), in a deep eutectic solvent formed from choline chloride and ethylene glycol under silent and ultrasonic conditions. These three materials have different granular morphologies and heterogeneities. The aim was to show...